What Is the Kelvin Temperature Scale

The Kelvin temperature scale is the most commonly used absolute temperature scale in the world. Here is the definition of the scale and a look at its history and uses. Key Takeaways: Kelvin Temperature Scale The Kelvin temperature scale is an absolute temperature scale that is defined using the third law of thermodynamics.Because it is an absolute scale, temperatures recorded in Kelvin do not have degrees.The zero point of the Kelvin scale is absolute zero, which is when particles have minimum kinetic energy and cannot get colder.Each unit (a degree, in other scales) is 1 part in 273.16 parts of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. This is the same size unit as the Celsius degree. Kelvin Temperature Scale Definition The Kelvin temperature scale is an absolute temperature scale with zero at absolute zero. Because it is an absolute scale, measurements made using the Kelvin scale do not have degrees. The kelvin (note the lowercase letter) is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI). Changes in Definition Until recently, the units of the Kelvin scale were based on the definition that the volume of a gas at constant (low) pressure is directly proportional to temperature and that 100 degrees separates the freezing and boiling points of water. Now, the Kelvin unit is defined using the distance between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Using this definition, one kelvin is the same magnitude as one degree on the Celsius scale, making it easy to convert between Kelvin and Celsius measurements. On November 16, 2018, a new definition was adopted. This definition sets the size of the kelvin unit based on the Boltzmann constant. As of May 20, 2019, the kelvin, mole, ampere, and kilogram will be defined using thermodynamic constants. Usage Kelvin temperatures are written with a capital letter K and without the degree symbol, such as 1 K, 1120 K. Note that 0 K is absolute zero and there are (ordinarily) no negative Kelvin temperatures. History William Thomson, later named Lord Kelvin, wrote the paper On an Absolute Thermometric Scale in 1848. He described the need for a temperature scale with a null point at absolute zero, which he calculated to be equivalent to −273  Ã‚ °C. The Celsius scale at the time was defined using the freezing point of water. In 1954, the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) formally defined the Kelvin scale with a null point of absolute zero and the second defining point at the triple point of water, which was defined to be exactly 273.16 kelvins. At this time, the Kelvin scale was measured using degrees. The 13th CGPM changed the unit of the scale from degree Kelvin or  °K to kelvin and symbol K. The 13th CGPM also defined the unit as 1/273.16 of the temperature of the triple point of water. In 2005, a subcommittee of the CGPM, the Comità © International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), specified the triple point of water refer to the triple point of water with an isotopic composition called the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. In 2018, the 26th CGPM redefined the Kelvin in terms of the Boltzmann constant value of 1.380649Ãâ€"10−23  J/K. Although the unit has been redefined over time, the practical changes in the unit as so small that they do not appreciably affect most people working with the unit. However, its always a good idea to pay attention to significant figures after the decimal point when converting between degrees Celsius and kelvin. Sources Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006). The International System of Units (SI) Brochure. 8th Edition. International Committee for Weights and Measures.Lord Kelvin, William (October 1848). On an Absolute Thermometric Scale. Philosophical Magazine.Newell, D B; Cabiati, F; Fischer, J; Fujii, K; Karshenboim, S G; Margolis, H S; de Mirandà ©s, E; Mohr, P J; Nez, F; Pachucki, K; Quinn, T J; Taylor, B N; Wang, M; Wood, B M; Zhang, Z; et al. (Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) Task Group on Fundamental Constants) (2018). The CODATA 2017 values of h, e, k, and NA for the revision of the SI. Metrologia. 55 (1). doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa950aRankine, W. J. M. (1859). A manual of the steam engine and other prime movers. Richard Griffin and Co. London. p. 306–307.

Personal Narrative- Marriage Proposal Essay - 1166 Words

Personal Narrative- Marriage Proposal There is a knock, quick and steady, upon the hotel room door. Almost 8:30. Breakfast. This is it, I tell myself, as my heart settles in my throat. A young man brings in a silver tray, sets it quietly on the small table in the living room. I look at the tray, disappointed. It doesn’t look how I had imagined it. I expected it to be full of various objects, glasses, silverware, condiments, very elegant, where the ring box would sit hidden, to be discovered by surprise. Instead, the tray is simple: the two lidded plates stacked over one another. The box is going to be obvious. I sign for our meal and send the young man away. I step quietly to the closet and dig the little white box from the bottom†¦show more content†¦Nothing. I was thinking that I was in love with her. She is the one. I was resolved. I was as resolved then as I am this morning in a hotel room in downtown St. Louis, at the August peak of summer, where we have spent the night after visiting my grandparents. She had said that she would never get engaged before she met my family. We spent two days with my parents, then one evening with the grandparents. She smiled, she made jokes, she used her many charms. The approval was reciprocal. Now, with that step out of the way, I am going to do it. Back in Vail I had been afraid to say a thing. As we sat that next morning after our bus ride, each of us reading, I looked up at her as she sat curled under a blanket and was struck again with the same sensation that I had on the bus. My head was light. I felt faint. She is the one. I am in love with her. I was sitting there, full of all sorts of giddy happiness. All smiles and staring eyes. I could not say that four letter word, I could not understand the meaning of the word. All I knew was how it felt touching her, or with her smiling at me. All that I understood was the levity that she brought me, this height, this là ©gerità ©. That lightness contradicts the gravity of what I am going to do on this August morning. Nervous, very nervous, I pick up the tray and push open the French doors to the bedroom of the hotel room. And there she is lying in the spacious bed, a pale freckled face surrounded byShow MoreRelatedThe Inconspicuous Scorn Of The Gentry s Acquisitive Pursuit Of Marriage1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inconspicuous Scorn of the Gentry’s Acquisitive Pursuit of Marriage Through strictly observing the final chapters of Pride and Prejudice, it may come across that Jane Austen’s intent was to glorify the marriages of the main characters, in what might seem like an unrealistic or unjustified way. 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China trade performances and policies Free Essays

Consumption Behavior China is the world’s largest car market. By the end of 2012 the number of motor icicles reached 109. 4 million in China. We will write a custom essay sample on China trade performances and policies or any similar topic only for you Order Now China produced 19. 3 million cars in 2012. China is the world’s largest mobile phone market, with over 1. 1 billion subscribers at the end of 2012. China is the second largest luxury goods market in the world, after Japan, and China is the second largest market for cinema, after the US. Between 1949 and 1979, a total of 280,000 Chinese traveled abroad. In 2012, 83 million Chinese citizens made Journeys abroad. Household consumption as a percentage of GAP is among the lowest of any major economy, at around 34% in 2011, which remained nearly unchanged since 2006. Introduction on China Trade Policies China foreign trade in the past year The trade history of China is Important for how it has affected global production and earnings in poor and rich countries. Many analysts view China ‘s recent dominance primarily as the result of the post-1978 reforms. The overall economic system after 1949 was modeled after the Soviet Union, and raised savings from the rural sector in order to benefit industrial production. Foreign trade was generally conducted by state enterprises that had limited incentives to operate efficiently because their position was not contested by competition. The verbal regime adopted by China was geared towards self-sufficiency and import substitution, which as such was not atypical for a relatively poor country during this period. Never the less, China ‘s own trade regime together with the trade liberalizing of the GATE member countries meant that China’s role in the world trade shrank after 1949. While before World War II China Accounted for around 2% of the world’s imports plus exports, estimates suggest that China’s share had fallen by the asses to around 1 . 7% and by the asses to around 0. 7%. The quantitative information on China’s foreign during the period 1949-1979 is very emitted and it corresponds to the small net gains that China was expecting to reap from participation in world trade. Foreign trade data of China was collected, as in most other countries, in the process of administrating trade taxes through customs. China’s share in world trade did not change much between 1970 and 1978, while after 1978 China ‘s share increased substantially, consistent with a trade liberalizing impact of the 1978 reforms. Other breakpoints occurred around 1990 and around 2000, and in each case the rate at which China gains in terms of the world trades eave increased, with China ‘s rate of rate of trade growth increasing overall during this period. Between 1978 and 1990, trade growth is 7. 5%, between 1990 and 2000 it comes to 13. 5%, and between 2000 and 2007 it is 16. 2%. An important event that strengthened China ‘s foreign trade ties further is it accession to the World Trade Organization. China foreign trade today On December from 2001, China became the 43rd member country of the World Trade Organization after 16 years of negotiations. To honor its commitments upon entry into the WTFO, China expanded its opening-up in the fields of industry, agriculture and the services trade, and accelerated trade and investment facilitation and liberalizing. Meanwhile, the state deepened the reform of its foreign trade administrative intervention, rationalized government responsibilities in foreign trade administration, made government behavior more open, more impartial and more transparent, and promoted the development of an open economy to a new stage. Expediting improvements to the legal system for foreign economic relations and trade. After its entry into the WTFO, China reviewed over 2,300 laws and regulations, and departmental rules. Those that did not accord with WTFO rules and China’s commitments upon entry into the WTFO were abolished or revised. Administrative licensing procedures are reduced and regulated in the revised laws and regulations, and a legal system of trade promotion and remedy has been established and improved. In accordance with the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) administered by the WTFO, China revised its laws and regulations and Judicial interpretations related to intellectual property rights, and thereby constructed a complete legal system that conforms to China’s actual notations and international practices. Taking further measures to lower tariffs and reduce non-tariff measures. During the transitional period following China’s entry into the WTFO, the general level of China’s import tariffs was lowered from 15. 3% in 2001 to 9. 9% in 2005. By January 2005, the majority of China’s tariff reduction commitments had been fulfilled; China had removed non-tariff barriers, including quota, licensing and designated bidding, measures concerning 424 tariff lines, and only retained licensing administration over imports that are controlled for the sake of public safety and the environment in line tit international conventions and WTFO rules. By 2010 China’s overall tariff level had dropped to 9. 8% – 15. % in the case of agricultural products and 8. 9% in the case of industrial products. Since 2005, China has completely maintained its bound tariff rate. How to cite China trade performances and policies, Essays

Management Information Systems Prentice-Hall, 2010. Isbn-13 9780136078463 Managing the Digital Firm free essay sample

Below are the revised case lists for CS532 students using 11th Edition of text book. You will be asked to choose ONE of the following individual projects from each group, answering the questions posed at the end of the case:  · (Individual) Due 7/19/11: (Choose one of the following)  · Page 10-11 Virtual Meetings: Smart Management  · Page 23-24 UPS Completes Globally with Information Technology  · Page 50-51 Air Canada Takes Off with Maintenex  · Page 53-54 Fresh, Hot, Fast Can Information Systems Help Johnny s Lunch Go National? Page 93-94 Can Technology Save Soldier s Lives in Iraq?  · Page 100-101 Can Detroit Make the Cars Customers Want?  · Page 144-145 What Should We Do About Cyberbullying?  · Page 148-149 Flexible Scheduling at Wal-Mart: Good, Bad for Employees? (10% of final grade)  · (Individual) Due 8/2/11: (Choose one of the following)  · Page 182-183 Computing Goes Green  · Page 192-193 Salesforce. com: Software-as-a-Service Goes Mainstream  · Page 224-225 The Internet Revenue Service Uncovers Tax Fraud with Data Warehouse  · Page 232-233 The Databases Behind MySpace Page 263-264 Should Network Neutrality Continue?  · Page 268-269 Monitoring Employees on Networks: Unethical or Good Business?  · Page 298-290 The Worth Theft Ever?  · Page 323-324 Can Salesforce. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information Systems Prentice-Hall, 2010. Isbn-13: 9780136078463 Managing the Digital Firm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page com On-Demand Remain in Demand?  · Page 347-348 Proctor Gamble Tries to Optimize Inventory (10% of final grade)  ·  · (Individual) Due 8/23/11: (Choose one of the following) Page 356-357 Customer Relationship Management Helps Chase Card Services Manage Customer Calls Page 381-382 Turner Sports New Media Marries TV and the Internet  · Page 389-390 Can JR Electric Grow with E-Commerce?  · Page 423-424 Managing with Web 2. 0  · Page 435-436 Reality Mining  · Page 459-460 Too Many Bumped Flyers: Why?  · Page 461-462 Business Intelligence Turns Dick s Sporting Goods Into a Winner  · Page 493-494 Dorfman Pacific Rolls Out a New Wireless Warehouse  · Page 508-509 Did Chrysler Make the Right Outsourcing Decision?  · Page 525-526 Kaiser Permanente Botches Its Kidney Transplant Center Project  · Page 544-545 When Can t Business Take Off? Page 568-569 Colgate Palmolive Keeps the World Smiling  · Page 573-574 Can Cell Phones Close the Global Digital Divide? (10% of fi nal grade) Case Studies Choose One CHAPTER PAGE CASE 1 37 Is Second Life Really a Business? 2 72 JetBlue Hits Turbulence 3 117 YouTube, the Internet, and the Future of Movies 4 156 Should Google Organize Your Medical Records? 5 202 Amazon s New Store: Utility Computing 6 241 Trouble with the Terrorist Watch List Databases 7 289 Google vs. Microsoft: Class of the Technology Titans 8 331 A Rogue Trader at Societe Generale Roils the World Financial System 9 369 Symantec s ERP Turmoil 10 406 Facebook s Dilemma 11 444 Innovation and Collaboration at Coca-Cola: It s the Real Thing 12 476 HSBC s Lending Decision and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis: What Went Wrong? 13 517 Citizens National Bank Searches for a System Solution 14 550 The U. S. Census Bureau Field Data Collection Project: Don t Count on It 15 580 Will a Global Strategy Save GM?

Noble morality and slave morality

Loss Accounts and Balance sheet Essays

Loss Accounts and Balance sheet Essays Loss Accounts and Balance sheet Essay Loss Accounts and Balance sheet Essay The results that are shown above are accurately calculated. The figures are taken from Mr. Hans profit ; Loss Accounts and Balance sheet 2007. The table signifies that Mr. Hans business for the year ending 2007. Return on Capital Employed: Return on capital employed in the year 2005 was only 41%, it then went up in the following year by 4% and again in the year 2007 it went up to 50%. This signifies that the ratio has been improved. This ratio is improved because the business has increased investment. Return on Capital Employed can be improved in such way as Mr. Kong has to increase the net profit for next year. This current figure is far greater than the industry average which shows the business is working much efficient than the average business would. Gross Profit: Gross Profit in the year 2005 was only 44% but it have been improved only by 1% in the following year but again the following year (2007) it decreases by 2%. This signifies the ratio is worse. The ratio is worsened because Mr. Kong Hans Gross Profit Percentage of sales was 45% at the end of year 2006 while it has been changed from 45% to 43% in the year 2007. The possible reason for this is because increase in the price of goods they produce. This would give them less profit because of these factors. Mr. Kong Han should take immediate action upon this ratio because Gross profit helps a company to see what percentage of its earning after costs (for products and/or services) is profit. A possible suggestion would be that Mr. Kong Han could decrease the purchase cost possibly by acquiring materials or goods from cheaper suppliers. Another thing that business could do is to increase sales as well perhaps by increasing price of products or more marketing techniques into their products. Net Profit: Net Profit in the year 2005 was only 28% but it has been decreased by 1% in the following year (2006) and again the following year (2007) it decreases by 9.2%. This means that the ratio is getting worse. This is worse because the business is not making any revenue to convert it into profit means that business is not selling the product or services that it produce. The worst cause for this would be that prices of services are increased as well as the business is also paying for mortgages. It is very critical and immediate action should be taken on this because net profit is very important to every business and all business is stable on net profit. Mr. Kong Han business can be improved if business could do to reduce their overall expenses. The business can look for another supplier who is cheaper and can provide a better deal for raw material goods. The business can try to decrease their overheads figures and try to maximise their profit each and every year. Stock Turnover: Stock Turnover in the year 2005 was only 44 days but it has been increased in the following year (2006) to 56 days but again in the following year it has increased by 20 days and went up to 76 days. It has been worsened because the lower days shows that the business has quickly convert stock into revenues. This is worse because the business has high prices on the products as well as the business has no proper strategy to sell the products. The possible action would be that the quicker the business sells its products the better it is. There are several methods that business could be improved. The first thing they could is to lower the products prices; this will hugely promote sales as customers will feel they are getting a bargain. And an additional thing they can do is to try and sell the products to another company for a low price. The price might be low but they will receive some sort of income instead of the product just staying in the shop. It will bring in some extra cash that the business will need. Furthermore the business can try to slow down production if there is too much stock available or they can possibly re-asses the value of the product. Debtor Payment Period: Debtors payment period in the year 2005 was only 0.89 days but it has been decreased only by 0.1 in the following year 2006 to 0.88 days and again in the following year (2007) it has decreased by 0.2 days to 0.86 days. It has been improved over in the following 2 years which means that the business has good control over the capital because the business not letting more capital to the customers and perhaps thats why the business Debtors Payment period is decreased. The improvement that are required for this debtors payment period is that they can do are to try to maintain this number or try to reduce it by next year. This way they can reduce this is to re-asses their credit options with customer and try to decrease the time. Creditor Payment Period: Creditor Payment Period in the year 2005 was only 5.7 days but it has been increased to 13 days in the following year (2006) and again it decreased down from 13 days to 9.2 days in the year 2007. It has been worsened because payment days have been increased. This is because the customers who own capital to business are taking long to return the capital. Mr. Kong Han should take immediate action and encourage customers to pay on time because this will lead a poor relationship with suppliers. The suggestion would be that business should maintain this period or possibly try to increase it in the next year but the main thing they should do is to keep it constant with debtor payment period. Current Ratio: Current Ratio in the year 2005 was only 4:8:1 but it has been increased to 4:9:1 in the year 2006 and again in following year (2007) it has increased to 5.1:1. This indicates that the business is in liquidation. It has been worsened because it has gone up because it shows that they have a lot of stock to sell. These changes happened because they have a lot of stock. Mr. Kong Han should take immediate action on the business because the ideal ratio was between 2:1 and 3:1. The business could achieve this by reducing the ratio. This can be done by selling more of its stock or try to reduce the amount of cash they have available on the business because of the high amount of stock the business should produce few amounts of products. Acid Test: Acid Test in the year 2005 was only 1:1:1 but it has been decreased to 0:89:1 in 2006 and again in the following year (2007) it has decreased to 0:6:1. This signifies that the business is in very poor condition as the Acid Test was worse. The steps the business can try and increase their current assets but not stock as stock can be very hard to sell immediate. They could offer more customers a credit system or the business can try to and hold more cash within the business. Another option is to produce less stock and when there is an opportunity to pay off creditors they should take it.

Trip Report to Saint John Market Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trip Report to Saint John Market Place - Essay Example On docking at the harbor, one is welcome by several volunteers dressed in traditional regalia who hands out the Canadian flags, buttons, and stickers. This kind of warm welcome into the city of Saint John makes one develop the feeling of being at home. First timers like myself are made to feel like they are in a different world altogether. The town is also famous for its several attraction sites that visitors can explore as tourist attraction. One such is Saint John market, which is regarded as the centerpiece of uptown. My visit to the market revealed it all. The market is the heart of the vivacious and booming uptown shopping community. The City market has a lot of significance to the town in terms of tourist attraction and shopping market. Local from the greater Saint John region visit the market in their number due to its peculiar atmosphere of tradition and history. In this regard, the market acts as a special place where local can gather with families and friends and engage wit h the community at large. By the time a visited the town, I was amazed by the kind of atmosphere and the numerous activities that takes place in the market. In fact, the market is known as a hub of activity especially during special accessions and weekends when locals visit to the market for shopping and leisure. ... In fact, the market caters for the needs of very many cultures. This became apparent from the fact that the market has several restaurants in the market that serves different cultural cuisines such as the Chinese, Turkish, French cuisines. For instance, I got the opportunity to visit the Shaworm restaurant, which serves the Turkish cuisines. The Saint John Market also serves as a leading tourist attraction site in the greater Saint John region. Visitors from all over the country and beyond are drawn to the market by its peculiar of state-of-the-art, lively and contemporary market operating in a clean and tidy environment, and a historically significant building. The City Market offers an environment where tourists can relax and enjoy a unique shopping and dining experience. In addition, visitors to the market are able to explore and stroll around the market to observe the history of this extraordinary landmark by having a look at the interpretation stations, which are found, througho ut the market that narrates the story of the market in both words and picture. As earlier mentioned, the market is characterized by a flurry of activities aided by the strong local trade. This makes the market very appealing to visitors of the market. Just as at the harbor of the city, the market is also very hospitable and has merchants and local customers who are very welcoming. In fact, during my visit to the market, I received a warm welcome by a certain merchant in the market called John who owns a shop where sealing of the locally manufactured maple syrup takes place. Apart from just welcoming e to the market, John also taught me few new business skills, including how best to cater for the needs of different people from different parts of the world. In

Philosophy ESSAY 2 - Business and Professional Ethics

Philosophy 2 - Business and Professional Ethics - Essay Example This paper will refute this argument in the pursuit of justifying whistle-blowing as a social and moral duty to secure the interests of society. Renowned American economist Milton Friedman offered a landmark statement when he suggested that corporate social responsibility means, primarily, making money for stockholders and implying that ethical behaviour is therefore good for shareholder wealth (Nickels et al, 2005). Friedmans suggestion indicates that business maintains a duty to those who invest in the success of an organization and must work to ensure that it bases its activities chiefly to secure the financial well-being of shareholders. Enron Corporation, a now infamous American company which was bankrupted virtually overnight for eliciting false accounting practices, offered global business a learning lesson on truth in financial disclosure, insider trading, and the ethical fiduciary responsibilities of corporate managers and directors (Berenbeim, 2002). Enron Corp. failed in its duty to sustain its responsibility to its employees and shareholders, thus offering a blow to all of society, and was publicly exposed for it s corruption by internal employees who blew the whistle on Enrons false activities. In the situation with Enron, the whistleblowers infringed on the precept of employee loyalty and, most likely, felt it was their social duty to expose corruption within the organization. However, loyalty is a feature of special, mutually-enriching relationships in which self-interest may be forfeited without anticipation for reward (Powerpoint, 2006). The key words are mutually-enriching and in the case of Enron, the whistle-blowers witnessed the firms failure to fulfil its duty and thus viewed exposure as more than merely a right, but a duty to act in a morally responsible manner to reclaim a sense of business ethics and protect investors from fraud. Thus, the whistle-blowers enacted their perceptions of justice against Enron. The term justice has been

The property rights of China and America economics Research Paper

The property rights of China and America economics - Research Paper Example In the current highly competitive business environment, business entities are going to great lengths to establish and protect particular niches in the market. The main aim for this is to enhance optimal performance and maintain a desirable and economically rewarding competitive edge. On a larger scale, countries are taking initiatives to ensure that their economic development and growth maintains an upward growth. Relative measures towards the attainment of this goal are all encompassing and reflective of the social and economic trends across the globe. They range from formulation of policies and regulations that enhance economic growth to establishment of trade relations with countries whose economic performance is stable. Besides optimizing profits, the main aim of such relations includes safeguarding the overall wellbeing of the populations. From an ethical view point, the efforts of such countries are morally acceptable. This is especially because of their need to enhance the standards of living of the majority of their populations. Nonetheless, it is worth appreciating that certain initiatives have adverse impacts on the wellbeing of the global economy. This is because the negative implications undermine the economic performance of other countries. In this regard, it is worth appreciating that countries do not exist in a vacuum. Globalization trends have triggered the establishment and maintenance of relations between countries. All these are geared towards enhancing the flow of goods, people, products and information. The fact that the USA and China have had close economic ties over time cannot be overstated. The two nations have varying potentials with respect to economic production. They venture in different fields and aim at producing ideal products that would enable them to perform competitively in the global market. For this reason, America and China established viable trade as well as diplomatic relations (The United States International Trade Commission, 32). Examples of these include total US-China Trade that was signed in 1979 and Mutual-most-favored-nation treatment of 1980. Undoubtedly, these institutions enhanced economic and specifically trade operations between the two countries. With the relative viable environment, they were able to import and export products with ease. Historical evidence indicates that China has always focused on reducing the production costs and thus enhancing the purchasing power of its citizens. The US importers benefited significantly from this because they w ere able to get Chinese products at a lower price. Likewise, this enabled America to improve the living standards of its population as well as general wellbeing. This is because it was able to cut the costs that were associated with production. As a result, it provided its population with consumer products at cheaper prices. However, this had adverse impacts on the performance of local industries. In essence, it compromised local production and instead boosted the economic performance of Chinese industries form which the relative products were sourced. In addition, this practice greatly undermined the quality of products offered in the market for American consumption. This is because the raw materials employed in their production were relatively low. China has also invested significantly in the US economy. In particular, it has explored foreign direct investment and a host of other non bond investments. Thus the economic relationship between the two countries is considered to be mut ually benefiting. An evaluation of the economic wellbeing of China however indicates that it has benefited the most from the relations that it has

Machines vs. Human Workers

Machines vs. Human Workers Introduction In the recent past, technology has evolved to such an extent that human labour has either been replaced either partially or completely by machines. People, companies and organizations have turned to research on machines as a possible replacement of human labour by. There have been postulations that machines make work easier. Work which was supposed to be done by several people can be done by only one person who is operating a machine. For example, a company has employed twenty people to be carrying some bags from point A to point B. If this company gets a machine with a conveyer belt to run from point A to B, the company will only need one person to operate the machine and the same work which was supposed to be done by twenty people will be done by one person. This fact has made most of the organizations to embrace technology and employ more machine labour than human labour with a view of cutting down the cost of production and at the same time increase the efficiency of work done. T his paper examines the effects of machines on human labour and how they interact. (Oscar, 2010). The need to make production similar in all aspects of the organization was a major problem facing most of the producers. Producers wanted to produce goods and services which were similar with one another. However, human labour was very different. People have different characteristics and behave differently in the same situation. This is also reflected at the work place. Two different people given the same work will not produce exactly similar results. This became an issue and the first solution was the development of protocols which would guide human beings in labour. These protocols would serve as guidelines to the workers in an attempt to produce similar results. However, the strategy did not yield very good results as expected. There was an increase in the administrative labour needs of organizations. In addition, there were a lot of conflicts between the laborers. The white color laborers and blue color were always in conflict. In addition, the companies could not produce the sam e goods. Research showed that the only way to produce similar products was by the use of a machine which led to the advent of machines. Although the first machines were not as advanced as the current ones, the machines replaced human labour partially. With time, a machine could do the work of very many people and thus reducing the need for human labour (Clay, 2010). Loss of Employment As mentioned above, machines have significantly reduced the need for human labour. Machines make work easier. With the advent of machines, an individual using a machine can perform work which would have needed several people to carry out. A machine will only need one person to operate it and then carry out duties which needed many people. An example is the transport industry. Initially, horses used to be the main means of transport. Each horse would need one individual to transport a person. However, the horses have been replaced by vehicles, planes and trains. These machines have completely replaced the need for horses and their operators. For one horse, one operator was needed and only one person could be transported. Currently, a train can carry one thousand people and with only one operator. In the normal case, transportation of one thousand people would have needed one thousand operators of the horses. However, the train has replaced the rest of nine hundred and ninety nine oper ators rendering them jobless. Machines carry out their functions with a lot of efficiency. Machines are continuously improved to work faster and become more efficient. Machines carry out the functions of human beings at relatively higher speed as compared to human beings. In the transportation of goods from one place to another, a machine can move at a speed which is one thousand times more than the human being or even more. The implication of this is that work which would have needed one thousand days of human labour will only need one day of machine labour. As a result, the machine will replace one thousand days of human labour with one day of human labour. An individual would have worked for a thousand days without the machine. This is thus reduced to just one day. If only two thousands day equivalent of human labour was available, the person will only work for two days only making him or her jobless for the rest of the remaining days (Penslar, 1995). The combination of the fact that a machine can carry out work of several individuals at the same time and do work faster than humans makes it displace human beings effectively. A machine will perform a certain duty faster than human beings and at the same time perform duties of several human beings at the same time. Most organizations will opt to use machines which will reduce the cost of operation by reducing the number of people needed for the job. Machines are therefore being a favorite for most of manufacturers. They will buy and install as many machines as possible so as to minimize human labour as much as possible. The end result will be a situation where very few people are needed for the running of an organization while the rest of the people are replaced by machines. Advancement of Capitalism Machines reduce the need of the company management of employing human workers. The organization will only need to buy a machine and then the organization will not pay human beings salaries and wages. The money which was supposed to be paid as wages and salaries is maintained by the organization as profit. Thus, the machines will divert the money which was supposed to be given to several people to the pocket of one individual. The owner of the organization will continue increasing his profit while the rest of the people who would have served as employees to the organization continue getting poorer as they do not have an income. The income for more than a thousand people will end up going to one person. This means that the people who have the capital to buy machines are more likely become rich while those without capital will become poor. Companies will invest more in buying technology. The organizations will buy software which is for replacement of the administrative duties of the human beings. Software will be designed such that it can perform most of the administrative duties in the organization. This makes the software very expensive and thus making the organizations which make such software benefit much from them. The result will be a boom in the software manufacturing industries. Thus, organizations and institutions which train people on the skills of performing certain job will become obsolete. An organization, for example, training people on the way to ride a horse for transport will become useless as no one will need such people. The machines are thus replacing the need to acquire certain skills. The training institutions for such skills will therefore not be needed and the people employed in those institutions become jobless. Replacement of Human Beings with Robots Part of the functions of human beings has been replaced by machines and robots. In some cases, the functions of human beings have been replaced completely. For example, in the transit of goods in production from one section to another has been replaced completely by the robots. These robots are able to move the goods at very high speed from one region to another without any delays. The machine will work without fatigue and thus can work for even twenty four hours per day. Some of the robots will need the input of human beings as a controller while others will not need such a controller. Depending on whether the robot needs human control or not, there can be complete replacement or partial replacement. Robots which need some human control are better because they do no replace completely the human labour. However, some machines and robots will replace humans completely since they need no human input in their running. They are just programmed and thus run without needing any input from human being. There however some instances in which human labour are very essential. An example is the medical field. Although there have been a lot of advances in medicine, it has become almost impossible to replace human labour with robots (Peterson, 2010). In the diagnosis, robot cannot accurately make a diagnosis. Even with advancement in technology in the medical field, there is no machine which is intelligent enough to carry out the functions of the doctor. Thus, although the machines are taking over most of human functions, there are some of the functions which the machine cannot perform (Williamson, 2000). Human beings have an advantage than robot in that they are intelligent. Human beings are able to think and adjust according to the situation. For example, during an operation, a human being is able to feel the force of pulling a suturing thread and estimate the need for applying more or less energy. However, a robot can easily cause damage because it does not have the feedback mechanism which human being has making it not appropriate for the performance of the specific functions which need a lot of intelligence. Human beings can look at a situation and think on the best way forward (Sheila, 2006). However, a robot or a machine will perform a certain duty in the same manner in all the cases making it not very appropriate for tasks which need thinking (Stevenson, 2010). Advantages of Machines over Human Beings Machines have very many advantages as compared to humans. First, machines perform work faster than human beings. Machines have a very high efficiency and they perform certain tasks at a faster rate than humans (Penslar, 1995). As outlined above, a machine can perform work which human being can take a thousand days in one day. This makes it efficient for the performance of most of duties especially where the time is a limiting factor. An organization will employ machines which will enable it produce a lot of goods or services within a short duration of time. With a machine, an organization will be able to beat all the deadlines and ensure that there are no delays to their customers. Machines have an advantage that they do not get exhausted. As opposed to human labour, most of machines can work for a full day without getting fatigued. This makes them be able to perform tasks which need to be performed throughout. For example, a lift can work for twenty four hours without getting exhausted. This makes it appropriate for use in the buildings. If it were a human being he or she would not be able to withstand the work and would eventually lose control. A machine is also not governed by the laws of labour concerning its working hours as opposed to the human beings who will only work for eight hours per day and any hour above that will be paid as overtime. Machines will not have overtime. Machines are not paid. Although their acquisition is very expensive, they do not need to be paid a salary or a wage. They do not need allowances like human beings. This makes them very cost effective. The money which the organization would have used as salaries forms part of the profit. The organization reduces its cost of production by a high percentage as the machines will replace the need of human labour and thus making it cheap for the organization to operate. The only expenses for the machines are its acquirement and its maintenance which is far much less than what would be the cost of paying employees if they were the ones working. Machines are able to products which are similar. A machine will operate in the same way and will not vary with time. Where it has been adjusted, it produces the goods with that standard. This is very important especially in mass productions where the organization needs to produce a lot of goods which are similar with one another. It makes it easier to test the quality of the goods since just a sample is needed and it acts as a representative of the rest of the products. The sample is a true representation since the machine produced goods which were all the same. For example, in the packaging of oil in the oil cans by ExxonMobil, all the cans contain the same volume and quality of oil as long as the settings were not altered. Thus when someone wants to tests the quality of goods being produced, he or she will just need to test one product. Machines are not vulnerable to corruption. Corruption is gaining root in most of the places especially in the third world countries. To reduce this corruption, machines are employed. A machine will apply one standard to all situations regardless of whatever situation presents. This is as opposed to human beings where a brother or a friend may receive favors of the person in charge. For example, in the automated betting systems, the machine is able to decide without bias who has won which is opposed to a situation where a human being is in control and therefore will be biased (Thompson, 2003). Disadvantages of Machines over Human Beings Machines are at times not able to completely replace human beings. Machines are not able to think and conform to the situation at hand (Zainab, 2010). A machine will not be able to adjust according to the situation so as to make it possible for it to do the best at that time. A machine cannot notice that there needs to be a change in the actions since the environment demands a different way of operation. Human beings can adjust to the situation and change accordingly. A machine will only operate on commands and without the commands, the machines will not operate. What the machine or the robot has been commanded will form its actions until a different command is given (Ridley, 1998). Machines have reduced the need for human labour. Human labour has lost mean because of its cost and its effectiveness. Organizations sack people and their duties taken over by machines. Employees will lose their way of life and make them baggers. Most people will become jobless as the machines take over all the functions of humans. With very efficient and effective machines being produced, they can completely replace all the functions of human beings in an organization. An organization will depend almost completely on the machine for the labour. Conclusion Technology has gone to a very high level in the recent years. Technology has concentrated on making work easier and reduces the need for employing many people. This has led to the decrease in the importance of human labour. People have been losing jobs and their duties played by the machines. The machines have the advantage that they are faster and more effective. They enable an organization to meet its deadlines and thus avoid a situation where the organization is not able to carry its duties in time. On the other hand, machines lead to loss of jobs for people and thus making them not have an income.

Military Police Corps :: U.S. Army

The Military Police Corps has a long and glorious history to be proud of. Listed on U.S. Army Info (2011), Military Police Corps was officially recognized as a military occupation on the 26th of September 1941, but their work can traced back even further. According to U.S. Army Info (2011), the first use of the Military Police was during the American Revolution in 1776. Military Police have been deployed and used in conflicts such as: "World War 11, Korean War, Vietnam conflict, Desert Storm, and Iraqi Freedom" (Wright, 2001). Today, Military Police have a variety of different tasks they are expected to perform, much more than just arresting criminals. "Military Police Corps officers lead units in performing five major functions associated with the branch-area security, maneuver and mobility support, police intelligence operations, internment and resettlement, and law and order," according to U.S. Army Info (2011). They are also charged with protecting troops and watching equipment overseas and at home stations across the United States (About, 2011). MP's are sent to Fort Leonard Wood to receive the training they are required to have, there they learn certain skills that are crucial to their occupation (U.S. Army Info, 2011). Several of the skills they learn while at Fort Leonard Wood are: "basic warrior skills, military and civil jurisdiction, use of firearms and arrest and restraint of suspects," as stated in GoArmy (2011). Each individual has to already have certain skills to be successful as a MP, such as: "being physically fit, ability to interact well with people and ability to remain calm in stressful situations," according to GoArmy (2011). Educational requirements are slim to none, the Army looks to enlist anyone who has a high school diploma or GED. If you have a bachelor's degree in any major, you can apply for an officer spot. Salary ranges are varied because it depends if your an enlisted soldier or an officer, how many years of service you have under your belt and if you receive hazard pay or separation pay or any other kind of pay benefits (GoArmy, 2011). Selection process for a MP is long and rigorous procedure. First, an individual has to qualify through MEPS to get into the military and pass all basic medical test, background checks and drug tests. Second, the individual has to complete basic training to even make it to their Advance Individual Training. After basic training is completed they are sent off to Advance Individual Training, where they are pushed through one last test, if they complete AIT, then you will be a certified Military Police soldier.